Newcastle upon Tyne
În memoria Holocaustului romilor și sintilor (Samudaripen)
Un cuvânt romani care înseamnă „ucidere în masă”, folosit de acest Centru pentru a numi acest capitol al Holocaustului.
Între 1933 și 1945, sute de mii de romi și sinti au fost uciși în toată Europa. Acest Centru există pentru ca ei să fie numiți, studiați și ținuți minte.
Oamenii
Cuvântul
Ce înseamnă Samudaripen
Samudaripen este un cuvânt romani care înseamnă „ucidere în masă”. Este numele romani al Holocaustului, folosit cel mai larg de organizațiile rome și sinti, și este numele folosit de acest Centru.
Cei care l-au săvârșit aveau cuvântul lor pentru oamenii pe care i-au ucis. Registrele de poliție, dosarele de sterilizare și listele de deportare spun toate Zigeuner — „țigani”. A numi ceea ce s-a întâmplat în limba oamenilor cărora li s-a întâmplat nu este o chestiune de stil. Ia descrierea din mâinile făptașilor.
În engleză veți întâlni și Roma Holocaust, Sinti Holocaust sau Roma and Sinti Holocaust. Toate descriu aceleași evenimente. Acolo unde un supraviețuitor sau o familie folosește alt cuvânt pentru ceea ce li s-a făcut, îl folosim pe al lor.
- Samudaripen“mass killing”
- The term used most widely by Romani organisations across Europe, and the one this Centre uses in its own writing.The term this Centre uses
- Porrajmos“the devouring”
- Common in English-language scholarship. Many Romani speakers avoid it, because in some dialects the word carries an obscene second meaning. It appears on this site only where a source uses it.
- Kali Traš“the black fear”
- Used in some communities. Where survivors or their families use a particular word for what was done to them, we keep theirs.
Câți au fost uciși
220,000 – 500,000
The range within which published scholarly estimates of the Roma and Sinti dead generally fall. Some historians argue for a substantially higher figure.
There will never be a precise number. People were shot at the roadside and buried where they fell, without a register kept or a name written down. In parts of occupied Europe the proportional loss was near-total — the Romani communities of Croatia and of the occupied Soviet Union were effectively destroyed. The imprecision is not a gap in the scholarship. It is a description of how the killing was done.
Oamenii
O listă de nume, nu un număr
În spatele fiecărui nume de pe Zidul Comemorării există un document: unde s-a născut persoana, unde a fost ucisă și colecția care o atestă. Aceste patru nume au deschis zidul.
Anna Maria Steinbach
known as Settela Steinbach, Settela
Nine years old. The face in the cattle-wagon doorway, taken for a Jewish child for fifty years.
1934–1944 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Johann Wilhelm Trollmann
known as Rukeli Trollmann, Rukeli
German light-heavyweight champion for a matter of days, until the title was annulled for boxing in an un-German style.
1907–1943 · Sinti · Wittenberge, a subcamp of Neuengamme concentration camp
Sidonie Adlersburg
known as Sidi Adlersburg
Ten years old. Taken from the foster family in Upper Austria who tried to keep her.
1933–1943 · Roma · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Erna Lauenburger
known as Unku
German schoolchildren read a novel about her while she was being registered, confined and deported.
1920–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Rosa Böhmer
Nine years old. A square in the middle of Gelsenkirchen carries her name, seventy-seven years after the city deported her.
1933–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Werner Böhmer
Six months old, and the first of the nine Böhmer children to die.
1942–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Albert Böhmer
Two or three years old. The exact date of his birth is not recorded.
1940–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Sophie Böhmer
Three years old. She died on the same day as her sister Marie.
1939–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Marie Böhmer
Four years old. She died on the same day as her sister Sophie.
1938–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Karl Böhmer
Six years old. He carried his father's name; his father had died in a camp eighteen months earlier.
1937–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Elisabeth Böhmer
Eleven years old. She died on the same day as her six-year-old brother Karl.
1931–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Willy Böhmer
Eight years old. He outlived his mother in the camp by three weeks.
1935–1944 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Sonia Böhmer
Twelve when she was deported. Alone of the nine Böhmer children, no record of her death has been found.
Fate not established · Sinti · Not established
Anna Böhmer
Taken from her flat on Bergmannstraße with all nine of her children.
1909–1943 · Sinti · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Karl Böhmer
A musician. The cause of death entered against his name was pneumonia.
died 1941 · Sinti · Niedernhagen concentration camp, Wewelsburg
Harald Anton Schopper
known as Harald Gomann
Four years old. His mother wrote to Auschwitz asking whether she was even permitted to send him a parcel.
1939–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Janosch Schopper
Conscripted into the Wehrmacht in 1940, discharged for being Sinti, and deported three years later with his four-year-old son.
1909–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Patzura Schopper
Photographed by the police twice, a few years apart. The second photograph is the record of what was done to her in between.
1880–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Frinka Behrens
Prisoner Z-2381. Selected for the medical experiments because she was a twin.
1921–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Johann Behrens
Prisoner Z-2383. Selected for the medical experiments because he was a twin.
1921–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Dietrich Behrens
Sixty-three. He arrived at Auschwitz on 13 March and was dead within ten days.
1879–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Rigo Hellberg
On arrival he had to surrender his clothing and his work booklet — the document that made lawful employment possible.
1915–1942 · Romani · Niedernhagen concentration camp, Wewelsburg
Maria Müller
Sixty-nine years old, and a widow, when the city moved her into the camp.
1873–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Grete Müller
Born inside the camp her family had been confined to, and deported from it before she was two.
1941–1943 · Romani · Auschwitz-Birkenau
Josef Schopper
He survived Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dora-Mittelbau, Sachsenhausen and a death march, and died at thirty-five.
1926–1962 · Romani · Gelsenkirchen — from the effects of his imprisonment
Cea mai mare parte a numelor va veni din arhiva Centrului. Fiecare sosește cu sursa lui, altfel nu este afișat.
Documentul
Cum s-a întâmplat
Persecuția nu a început cu lagărele. Familiile de romi și sinti erau fișate de poliția germană cu treizeci de ani înaintea primei deportări, iar hârtiile sunt motivul pentru care știm.
The full timeline runs from 1899 to 2015 in 23 dated entries, each one carrying its source.
Vezi cronologia completă1899
Munich
A police index of Roma families
Bavarian police establish an information service on Roma and Sinti under Alfred Dillmann, collecting names, photographs, fingerprints and family relationships. In 1905 Dillmann publishes the Zigeuner-Buch, a printed register of more than three thousand people. Nothing in it is secret and nothing in it is illegal. It is simply a list, and it is still in use forty years later.
July 1936
Berlin
The Olympic clearance
Weeks before the Olympic Games open, Berlin police clear Roma and Sinti from the city and confine around six hundred people to a site at Marzahn, between a sewage works and a cemetery. It is called a Rastplatz — a resting place. There is one water tap and two toilets. Municipal camps follow in Cologne, Frankfurt, Düsseldorf and elsewhere, and become the collection points for later deportations.
June 1942 – 1944
Romania to Transnistria
The Transnistria deportations
The Antonescu regime deports around 25,000 Roma from Romania across the Dniester into Transnistria. They are left in villages and open ground without shelter, food or medicine through two winters. At least 11,000 die of starvation, exposure and typhus, or are shot. Romania acknowledged the deportations in the report of its own international commission in 2004.
26 February 1943
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Section BIIe
The first transports reach Birkenau. Roma and Sinti are not separated on arrival but held together as families in section BIIe, the Zigeunerfamilienlager. Around 23,000 men, women and children from across occupied Europe are registered there. There is no sanitation to speak of; noma, typhus and starvation kill continuously. Around 21,000 of those registered die.
2 August 1944
Auschwitz-Birkenau
The liquidation of the family camp
In the weeks before, several thousand Roma and Sinti judged fit for labour are transferred to other camps. On the night of 2 August the SS surround what is left of section BIIe. Around 4,300 people — most of them children, the elderly and the sick — are taken to the gas chambers and murdered. 2 August is Roma Holocaust Memorial Day.
15 April 2015
Strasbourg
2 August recognised across Europe
The European Parliament adopts a resolution recognising what was done to Roma and Sinti as historical fact, and designating 2 August as European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day. The same resolution records that anti-Gypsyism remains widespread in Europe.
Arhiva
Voci, chipuri, hârtii
Mărturii ale supraviețuitorilor, fotografii de familie și acte administrative — dovezile pe care statul nazist și colaboratorii săi au încercat să le facă să dispară.
- Survivor testimoniesVideo, audio and transcript
- Photographs and documentsFamily and administrative records
- Wall of RemembranceNames, with their sources
2 August
On the night of 2 August 1944 the SS surrounded what remained of the family camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Around 4,300 Roma and Sinti — most of them children, the elderly and the sick — were murdered in the gas chambers.
2 August is Roma Holocaust Memorial Day, recognised across Europe since 2015. The Centre holds a commemoration at the monument every year.
Menirea noastră
O istorie care lipsește încă din majoritatea școlilor
Centrul Memorial al Holocaustului Romilor este o mică organizație comunitară din Newcastle upon Tyne. Cercetăm, predăm și comemorăm persecutarea și uciderea romilor și a sintilor sub național-socialism și sub regimurile aliate acestuia — un capitol al istoriei Holocaustului care rămâne subreprezentat în educația și în cultura memorială curentă.
Împreună cu ROMA ACCESS — Newcastle Association, am ridicat primul monument din Regatul Unit dedicat memoriei victimelor rome și sinti ale Holocaustului. Se află în centrul orașului Newcastle, lângă Civic Centre.
Munca noastră leagă cercetarea istorică de experiența trăită astăzi de comunitățile de romi și sinti din nord-estul Angliei. Comemorarea și anti-țigănismul nu sunt subiecte separate.
Monumentul
Vizitarea memorialului
Primul monument din Regatul Unit dedicat victimelor rome și sinti ale Holocaustului se află în centrul orașului Newcastle.
- Where
- Civic Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne
- Open
- At any hour, without charge. The monument stands in the open air.
- Access
- Step-free from the pavement on all approaches.
- Raised with
- ROMA ACCESS — Newcastle Association
Ce facem
Four kinds of work, one argument
- 01
Commemoration
The monument, the annual gathering on 2 August, and the smaller acts — a name read aloud, a candle left at the base — that keep it from becoming a date in a diary.
- 02
The archive
Collecting, digitising and describing what families still hold. Registration cards, compensation letters, photographs with a name on the back. Most of it has never been in a public collection.
- 03
Education
Free lessons, assemblies and teacher sessions for schools across the North East, written to fit inside a Holocaust scheme of work that is already full.
- 04
Community work
Support for Roma and Sinti families in Newcastle, and the argument — made continually — that the history and the present-day discrimination are one subject.
Surse
Fiecare dată și cifră de aici poate fi verificată
Afirmațiile istorice de pe acest site sunt raportate la cercetări publicate sau la colecții de muzeu. Acolo unde cercetătorii nu sunt de acord — iar în privința numărului de morți dezacordul este mare — dăm intervalul, nu cifra cu efectul cel mai puternic.
- Works cited
- 9
- Dated entries
- 23
- Unsourced claims
- 0
Sprijină Centrul
Această muncă este dusă de foarte puțini oameni
Suntem o Community Interest Company. Donațiile acoperă păstrarea arhivei, traducerile, vizitele în școli și întreținerea monumentului.
We accept donations by bank transfer. There is no card processing fee on a transfer, so the whole amount reaches the Centre. If you would rather give your time, we need translators and archive volunteers more than almost anything else.